Multics Programmer's Reference Manual

Section 1 Multics Concepts and Characteristics
- System Concepts
- System Characteristics
  - Segments
  - Virtual Memory
  - Paging
  - Process
- Selective Sharing
  - Access Control List
  - Access Isolation Mechanism
  - Ring Structure
- System Administration
- User Interfaces
- Environment Shaping
- System Software
  - PL/I
  - FORTRAN
  - BASIC
  - COBOL
  - APL
  - PASCAL
  - ALM
  - Qedx
  - Ted
  - Emacs
  - Communications Software
  - Sort/Merge
  - GCOS Environment Simulator
  - Multics Graphics System
  - Multics Data Base Manager
  - Multics Report Program Generator
  - Logical Inquiry and Update System
  - Word Processing
  - Extended Mail Facility
  - Executive Mail
  - Forum
  - Executive Forum
  - Transaction Processing Tools
  - The FAST/DFAST Facility
  - Menu Creation Facilities
  - Inter-Multics File Transfer Facility
  - Report Writer
  - File Transfer To and From Personal Computers
  - Other Support Facilities and Tools
- Access to the System
- Service to Large and Small Users
- System Design
  - Continuous Operation
  - System Reliability
- Glossary of Multics Terms
Section 2 Multics Storage System
- Segment References
- Logical Volumes
  - Logical Volume Attachment
  - Master Directories
- Storage System Entry Types
  - Segment
  - Directory
  - Link
  - Multisegment File
  - Data Management File
  - Extended Entry Types
- Entry Attributes
- System Directories
Section 3 Naming, Command Language, and Terminal Usage
- Constructing and Interpreting Names
  - Entrynames
  - Pathnames
  - Archive Component Pathnames
  - Star Names
    - Constructing Star Names
    - Interpreting Star Names
  - Equal Names
    - Constructing Equal Names
    - Interpreting Equal Names
  - Archive Component Pathnames and Equal Names
  - Reference Names
  - Entry Point Names
  - Commmand, Subroutine, Condition, and I/O Switch Names
  - Request IDs
  - Date/Time Names
    - Date/Time Input Values
      - Time Strings (DT Values)
    - Date/Time Output Values
      - Time Format
      - List of Format Keywords
- Command Language
  - Command Environment
  - Simple Command Line
  - Compound Command Line
  - Reserved Characters and Quoted Strings
  - Iteration
  - Active Strings
  - Concatenation
- Typing Conventions
  - Canonical Form
  - Canonicalization
  - Column Assignment
  - Overstrike Canonicalization
  - Overstrike Canonicalization Examples
  - Replacement Canonicalization
  - Replacement Canonicalization Examples
  - Erase and Kill Characters
  - Examples of Erase and Kill Processing
  - Escape Sequences
- Typing Convention Examples
  - Column Canonicalization Examples
  - Erase, Kill, and Escape Examples
- Terminal Output
  - Carriage Motion
  - Delays
  - Output Escape Sequences
  - Continuation Lines
  - End-of-Page Processing
- Escape Conventions on Various Terminals
  - Selectric Devices
  - Upper-Case-Only Devices
  - Execuport 300
  - CDI Model 1030
- Flow Control
  - Input Flow Control
  - Output Flow Control
- Block Transfer
Section 4 Multics Programming Environment
- Program Preparation
  - Programming Languages
  - Creating and Editing the Source Segment
  - Creating an Object Segment
  - Object-Segment Format
  - Debugging Facilities
  - Writing a Command
  - Writing an Active Function
- Address Space Management
  - Dynamic Linking
  - Search Rules
  - Binding
  - Making a Segment Known
  - Address Space Management Subroutines
- Multics Stack Segments
  - Stack Header
  - Stack Frames
  - Combined Linkage Region
- Clock Services
  - Access to System Clocks
  - Facilities for Timed Wakeups
- Writing a Process Overseer
  - Process Initialization
  - Process Overseer Functions
  - Some Notes on Writing a Process Overseer
  - Direct Process Overseers
  - Handling of Quit Signals
- Creating an Extended Entry
- Interactive Subsystem Programming Environment
  - Subsystem Invocations
    - Use of sci_ptr and info_ptr in Interactive Subsystems
    - Stand-Aline Invocations
    - Monitoring Subsystem Usage
  - The Subsystem Environment
    - Subsystem Request Loop
    - Subsystem Request Languaeg
      - Modifying the Standard Request Processor
      - The rp_options Structure
      - Defining a Request Language
      - Abbreviation Processing
    - Writing Subsystem Requests
      - Argument Processing
      - Error Handling
      - The Apply Request
      - Subsystem Requests and Multics Commands
    - Subsystem Areas and Temporary Segments
    - Using exec_coms in Subsystems
    - Tailoring the Subsystem Environment
      - Replaceable Procedures for cpescape and unknown_request
      - Request Loop Replaceable Procedures
      - Other Replaceable Procedures
  - Subsystem Documentation Facilities
    - Subsystem Info Segments and Directories
    - Using the Standard Requests Info Segments
  - Subsystem Debugging Facilities
  - Subsystem Request Tables
    - Standard Requests and Standard Request Tables
      - Using Standard Requests
    - Defining Request Tables
    - Using the Request Macros
      - Syntax
      - The request Macro
      - The set_default_flags Macro
      - The unknown_request Macro
      - The multics_request Macro
      - The set_default_multics_flags Macro
      - The set_default_multics_doc Macro
Section 5 Input and Output Facilities
- Multics Input/Output System
  - System Input/Output Modules
  - How to Perform Input/Output
  - Input/Output Switches
    - Attaching a Switch
    - Opening a Switch
    - Closing a Switch
    - Detaching a Switch
    - Synonym Attachments
    - Standard Input/Output Switches
    - Initialization of External Pointer Variables
  - Interrupted Input/Output Operations
- Programming Language Input/Output Facilities
- File Input/Output
  - Unstructured Files
  - Sequential Files
  - Blocked Files
  - Indexed Files
  - File Opening
  - File Closing
  - File Position Designators
- Terminal Input/Output
  - tty_ Support
  - window_io_ Support (the Video System)
    - What is a Window
    - Window Capabilities
      - Positioning the Cursor
      - Selective Erasure
      - Scrolling
      - Selective Alteration
      - Miscellaneous
    - Real-Time Editing
      - The Erase Character
      - The Kill Character
      - The Line Editor
      - Moving the Cursor
      - Deleting Characters and Words
      - Retrieving Deleted Text
      - Other Editor Requests
    - Writing Editor Extensions
      - Line Editor Routines
      - Window Editor Utilities
    - End-Of-Window Processing
    - More Processing
    - Output Buffering
    - Structure of the Video System
      - I/O Modules
      - Subroutines
      - Command
    - Using the Video System
      - Attaching the Video System
      - Detaching the Video System
      - Design Requirements for Windows
      - Create Window Operation
      - Important Window Requests
      - Change Window Operation
      - Destroy Window Operation
      - Clear Window Operation
- Magnetic Tape Input/Output
  - Magnetic Tape Input/Output in Releases Previous to MR 11.0
  - Magnetic Tape Input/Output in MR 11.0
- Bulk Input and Output
  - Printed Output
    - Vertical Format Control
  - Punched-Card Output
  - Punched-Card Input
    - Access Required for Card Input
      - Card Input Registration and Password
      - Card Input Access Control Segment
      - Station Access Control Segment
    - Control Card Information
    - Bulk Data Input
      - Control Card Format of a Card Deck for Bulk Data Input
    - Remote Job Entry
      - Format of a Card Deck for Remote Job Entry
    - Remote Job Entry with Foreign Computer Systems
      - Submitting Card Decks to a Remote System
      - Receiving Output from a Remote System
      - Format of an Output File Transmitted to Multics for Online Perusal
- Implementation of Input/Output Modules
  - I/O Control Blocks
    - I/O Control Block Structure
    - Attach Pointers
    - Open Pointers
    - Entry Variables
    - Synonyms
  - Writing an I/O Module
    - Design Considerations
    - Implementation Rules
    - Attach Operation
    - Open Operation
    - Close Operation
    - Detach Operation
    - Modes and Control Operations
    - Performing Control Operations From Command Level
    - Other Operations
    - Outer Modules
- Resource Control Package
  - Relationship of RCP to Other I/O Facilities
  - Summary of RCP Actions
    - Reservation, Assignment, and Attachment
      - Resource Reservation
      - Device Assignment
      - Device Attachment
    - Device Limits
    - Resource Naming Conventions
      - Device Names
      - Volume Names
    - I/O Workspaces
- Resource Management Facility
  - Summary of Resource Management Facility Actions
    - Acquiring Resources
    - Naming Rules for Attributes
- Access Control Interface with RCP and Resource Management
  - Access Control Segments
  - Access Class Ranges
  - RCP Effective Access
  - Manipulating RCP Effective Access
Section 6 Multics Security
- User Names and Passwords
- Access Control Lists
  - Objects Subject to Access Control
  - Access Identifier
  - Access Modes
    - Access Modes on Entries in the Storage System
    - Access Modes on Resources Protected by RCP
    - Access Modes on Communications Channels
    - Access Modes on Daemon Source Names
  - Creating, Modifying, Listing, and Deleting Items in an Access Control List
  - Granting Access to Groups of Individuals
    - Using the Asterisk Character
    - Missing Components
  - Calculating Access Rights
  - Initial ACLs
    - SysDaemon Entries
    - ACL Entry for the Creating User
    - User-Defined Initial ACLs
  - Access Control Segments
    - Access Control Segments for RCP Resources
    - Access Control Segments for Communications Channels
    - Access Control Segments for Daemon Source Names
- Access Isolation Mechanism
  - AIM Classification System
  - Policy Rules and Objectives
  - Relationships Between AIM Attributes
  - Setting AIM Attributes
    - Enabling AIM
    - Marking of Data
      - Segment
      - Directory
      - Message Segment
      - Mailboxes
    - Marking of Users
    - Marking of RCP Resources
    - Marking of Communication Channels
  - AIM Access Rules
    - Segments
    - Directories
    - Message Segments
    - Interprocess Communication
  - Inter-System AIM
- The Ring Mechanism
  - Advantages of the Ring Mechanism
  - Ring Attributes and Access Control
    - Ring Brackets
      - Write Bracket
      - Read Bracket
      - Execute Bracket
      - Gate Bracket
    - Null Access
  - Using the Ring Mechanism
  - Implementing Ring Protection
    - Setting Segment Ring Brackets
    - Modifying Segment Ring Brackets
    - Directory Ring Bracket Validation Level and Access Rights
      - Validation Level
      - Directory Ring Bracket Access Rights
    - Setting Directory Ring Brackets
    - Modifying Directory Ring Brackets
    - User Ring Brackets
- Trusted Path
Section 7 Handling Unusual Occurrences
- Printed Messages
- Status Codes
  - Creation of Status Code Tables
- List of System Status Codes and Meanings
- Conditions
  - Multics Condition Mechanism
  - Example of the Condition Mechanism
  - On Unit Activated by All Conditions
  - Continuation of Search
  - Interaction with the Multics Ring Structure
  - Nonstandard Location of On Unit for Special Conditions
  - Action Taken by the Default Handler
  - System Condition Wall
  - Signalling Conditions in a User Program
  - Obtaining Additional Information About a Condition
  - Machine Condition Data Structure
  - Information Header Format
  - PL/I Condition Data Structure
- System Conditions and Default Handler
  - List of System Conditions
- Nonlocal Transfers and Cleanup Procedures
- Epilogue Handling
- Faults
  - Simulated Faults
    - Null Pointer
    - Process Termination Fault
    - Undefined Pointer Fault
Section 8 Backup
- Dumping
  - Incremental Dumps
  - Consolidated Dumps
  - Complete Dumps
- Recovery
Section 9 Administrative Controls
- Administrative Hierarchy
  - System Administrators
  - Project Administrators
  - Users
- Administrative Capabilities
  - Pricing
    - Interactive and Foreground Absentee Usage
    - Background Absentee Usage
    - I/O Daemon Usage
    - Other Charges
  - Apportioning System Capacity
    - Load-Control Groups
    - Work Classes
  - Access Control
    - Gate Access
    - Device Access
    - Volume Access
    - Absentee and Daemon Queues
  - Storage Quota
Section 10 Multics Data Management
- Introduction
  - Features and Benefits of Multics Data Management
- Data Management Files
  - Creating Data Management Files
  - Data Management Files as Protected Entities
  - Accessing Data Management Files
  - Manipulating Data Management Files
- Using MRDS with Data Management
  - Building an MRDS Data Management Database
  - Using MRDS Applications with DM Files
- Data Storage and Retrieval Services
  - Relation Manager
    - The Relation Manager and MRDS Database Requests
    - Relations and Data Management Files
  - Record Manager
  - Index Manager
  - Collection Manager
  - File Manager
    - File Manager and DM File Manipulation
    - File Manager and Integrity Services
    - File Manager as a Direct Interface
- Integrity Services
  - Transactions and Database Consistency
    - Defining Transactions
    - Building Transactions in Existing MRDS Applications
      - Transaction Definition Table
  - Concurrent Access Control
    - Locking Conventions
    - Deadlock Detection and Resolution
  - Recovery Procedures
    - Transaction Failure
    - Process Failure
      - Role of the Daemon
      - Abandoning a Transaction
    - Crash Recovery
    - Conventions and Use of Before Journals
      - Creating and Opening Before Journals
      - Manipulating Before Journals in the File System
  - DMS Initialization
  - DMS Shutdown
    - DMS Shutdown as Part of a Multics Shutdown
    - DMS Shutdown as a Privileged Request
    - Shutdown Information
      - User Warning
      - Begin Shutdown
      - User Shutdown
      - User Bump Time
      - Daemon Logout
- Administering Data Management
  - Installation Considerations
  - Creating a Data Management System Directory
  - Shaping the Run-Time Environment
  - Daemon Registration
  - AIM Considerations
  - Monitoring Performance
- Command Level Interface to Data Management
  - User Commands
  - Administrative Commands
Appendix A Multics Character Sets
- ASCII Character Set
  - Printing Graphic Characters
  - Control Characters
  - Nonstandard Control Character
  - Unused Characters
- Multics Extended Character Set
Appendix B Defining Terminals and Naming Channels Within the Multics Communications System
- Terminals and Channels
- Attachments
- Data Transformation
- Terminal Type Concept
  - Terminal Type and Line Type
- Terminal Type Table and Terminal Type File
  - Setting Terminal Types
  - Changing Terminal Type Definitions
  - Terminal Type Table
- Syntax of the TTF
  - Generalized Character Specifications
  - Terminal Type Entry
  - Video Table Definition
  - Modes Operation
  - Global Statements
  - Conversion Table Entry
  - Translation Table Entry
  - Function Key Table Entry
  - Example
  - Special Characters Table Entry
  - Default Types
  - Answerback Table
  - Preaccess Commands
  - Examples
- Names of Communications Channels
  - T & D Channel
  - Examples
Appendix C Punched-Card Input Output and Returned Output Control Records
- Bulk Data Input
- Control Cards for Bulk Data
  - ++DATA
  - ++PASSWORD
  - ++AIM
  - ++FORMAT
  - ++CONTROL
  - ++INPUT
- User Data Cards
- Remote Job Entry
  - Example of Remote Job Entry
- Control Cards for Remote Job Entry
  - ++RJE
  - ++PASSWORD
  - ++RJECONTROL
  - ++RJEARGS
  - ++EPILOGUE
  - ++ABSIN
  - ++FORMAT and ++INPUT
  - User Absentee Commands
  - Card Formats
  - Card Input Conversion Modes
  - Deck Size
  - Errors
- Punched Card Output
  - Card-Output Conversion Modes
- Punched-Card Codes
- Card-Input Escape Possibilities
- Returned Output Control Records
  - ++IDENT
  - ++CONTROL
  - ++FORMAT
  - ++INPUT
Appendix D Standard Data Types
- Summary of Data Descriptor Types
  - Symbolic Names for Data Descriptor Types
    - Other Symbolic Names
- Standard Data Type Formats
  - Arrays
Appendix E List of Names with Special Meanings
- Reserved I/O Switch Names
- Reserved Segment Names
- Reserved Segment-Name Suffixes
- Reserved Object-Segment Entry Point
Appendix F Multics Standard Magnetic Tape Format
- Standard Tape Format
- Standard Record Format
- Physical Record Header
- Physical Record Trailer
- Administrative Records
  - Standard Tape Label Record
  - Bootable Tape Label Record
  - End of Reel Record
- Density and Parity
- Data Padding
- Compatibility Consideration
- Standard Checksum
  - Algorithm
Appendix G Multics Standard Object Segment with Symbol Table Organization
- Format Of An Object Segment
- Structure of the Text Section
  - Entry Sequence
  - Gate Segment Entry Point Transfer Vector
- Structure of the Definition Section
  - Definition Section Header
  - Expression Word
  - Type Pair
  - Trap Word
  - Initialization Structure for Type 5 System and Type 6 Links
  - Definition Hash Table
- Structure of the Static Section
- Structure of the Linkage Section
  - Linkage Section Header
  - Internal Storage Area
  - Links
  - First-Reference Trap
- Structure of the Symbol Section
  - Symbol Block Header
  - Source Map
  - Relocation Information
- Structure of the Object Map
- Generated Code Conventions
  - Text Section
    - Entry Sequence
    - Text Relocation Codes
  - Definition Section
    - Definition Relocation Codes
    - Implicit Definitions
  - Linkage Section
    - Internal Storage
    - Links
    - Linkage Relocation Codes
  - Static Section
  - Symbol Section
- Structure of Bound Segments
  - Internal Link Resolution
  - Definition Section
  - Binder Symbol Block
  - Bind Map
- Symbol Table Organization
  - The PL/I Symbol Block
  - The PL/I Runtime Symbol Table
    - The Runtime_Token Node
    - The Runtime_Block Node
    - The Entry Info Block
    - The Pascal "with" Block
    - The Runtime_Symbol Node
      - Encoded Values
      - Controlled Variable Control Block
      - Picture Information Block
  - The Pascal Runtime Symbol Node
    - Additional Information About Pascal Symbol Nodes
    - Special Runtime Symbol Data Type Codes
  - The Statement Map
Appendix H Standard Execution Environment
- Standard Stack and Link Area Formats
  - Multics Stack
  - Stack Header
  - Multics Stack Frame
  - Linkage Offset Table
  - Internal Static Offset Table
- Subroutine Calling Sequences
  - Call Operator
  - Entry Operator
  - Push Operator
  - Return Operator
  - Short Return Operator
  - Pseudo-op Code Sequences
  - Register Usage Conventions
  - Argument List Format
  - Parameter Descriptors
Appendix I Data Base Descriptions
- Name
- Usage
- sys_info
- whotab
Appendix J Standard Request Tables and Standard Requests
- Standard Request Tables
- Standard Requests

Company:	Honeywell Information Systems Inc.
Part:	AG91-04
Date:	1985-02
Keywords:
Amended by:	AG91-04A, Multics Programmer's Reference Manual Addendum A (1987-01)
Supersedes:	AG91-03, Multics Programmer's Reference Manual

Address:	http://bitsavers.org/pdf/honeywell/multics/AG91-04A_mpmVol2_Jan87.pdf
Site:	Al Kossow's Bitsavers
Format:	PDF
Size:	37471941 bytes (35.7 MiB)
Amended to:	AG91-04A, Multics Programmer's Reference Manual Addendum A (1987-01)

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Multics Programmer's Reference Manual

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