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EduSystem Handbook
Company:
Digital Equipment Corporation
Part:
083.00173.2306 H-09-25
Date:
1973-01
Keywords:
PDP-8
Copies
Address:
http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp8/tss8/EduSystemHandbookJan73.pdf
Site:
Al Kossow's Bitsavers
Format:
PDF
Size:
27528274 bytes (26.3 MiB)
Table of Contents
Chapter 1
Teach Yourself BASIC
Introduction
Teletype Keyboard
Getting Acquainted With BASIC
Numerical Expressions
The PRINT Statement
Floating Point Numerals
Printing Messages
Exponents -- Computing the Power of a Number
Gathering Speed
Variables
Variable Expressions
Feeding the Beast
The INPUT Statement
The GO TO Statement
READ and DATA Statements
The RESTORE Statement
More Messages
You Can Count on It
Loops
Loops Exposed
FOR-NEXT Loops
The STEP Clause
Variable FOR Statements
Extra for Experts
Function Junction
The Integer (INT) Function
The Square Root (SQR) Function
Finding Your Way
Flowcharts
FOR-NEXT Loops in a Flowchart
Making Decisions
A Fork in the Road
The IF Statement
Varying Patterns
Rectangular Patterns
The TAB Function
Meandering
Random Numbers
Constellations
Little Boxes
Subscripted Variables
Generalizing
Variable Subscripts
Subroutines
Snoopy and the Red Baron
No Opinion
More Choices
Generation Gap
Reprise
Kaleidoscope
Coin Tosser
Dice
23 Matches
Rounding a Number
Miscellaneous Math
Say Something in Trigonometry
Do It Yourself Functions
Past and Future BASIC
Chapter 2
EduSystem 5
Introduction
System Components
System Expansion
BASIC Language Capabilities
Line Numbers
Single-Character PRINT Command
Multiple Statements Per Line
Immediate Mode
INPUT Statement
Program Editing
Error Messages
Operating Instructions
Initial Installation
Turning Off the System
Restarting the System
Reloading the Functions
Saving Programs on Paper Tape
Reloading Program From Paper Tape
Chapter 3
EduSystem 10
Introduction
System Components
System Expansion
BASIC Language Capabilities
Line Numbers
Single-Character PRINT Command
Multiple Statements per Line
Immediate Mode
INPUT Statement
Program Editing
Error Messages
Operating Instructions
Initial Installation
Turning Off the System
Restarting the System
Reloading the Functions
Saving Programs on Paper Tape
Reloading Programs From Paper Tape
Chapter 4
EduSystem 15
Introduction
System Components
BASIC Language Capabilities
Entering Programs
Using Random Numbers
Listing the Program
Executing the Program
Privileged Control Commands
DECtape System Storage Capability
Advanced System Capabilities
Running Very Long Programs
Using a Data File
Character Variables and String Capability
Program Editing
Error Messages
Program Loading Errors
Coding Errors
Program Logic Errors
Operating Instructions
Loading the System
Initialize the DECtape Unit
Initialize Computer Memory
System Building Dialog
Diagnostic Messages During System Building
Turning off the System
Restarting the System
Saving Programs on Paper Tape
Reloading Programs from Paper Tape
Chapter 5
EduSystem 20
Introduction
System Components
System Expansion
EduSystem 20 BASIC
Abbreviated Commands
Multiple Statements per Line
Immediate Mode
INPUT Statement
Comments
Subscripted Variables
IF THEN Statement
Truncation Function (FIX)
CHR$ Function
ON GOTO Statement
ON GOSUB Statement
RANDOMIZE Statement
Error Messages
Program Editing
Operating Instructions
Loading EduSystem 20 BASIC
Initial Dialog
System Reconfiguration
System Shutdown
System Restart
Program Storing Procedures
Teletype Paper Tape Punch
High-Speed Punch
Program Reloading Procedures
Teletype Paper Tape Reader
High-Speed Reader
Chapter 6
EduSystem 25
Introduction
System Components
System Expansion
BASIC Language Capabilities
Abbreviated Commands
Multiple Statements per Line
Immediate Mode
INPUT Statement
Comments
IF THEN Statement
ON GOTO Statement
ON GOSUB Statement
RANDOMIZE Statement
Truncation Function (FIX)
Extended System Capabilities
String Variables
Reading String Data
Printing Strings
Inputting Strings
Line Input
Working with Strings
String Functions
CHR$ Function
MID Function
LEN Function
CAT Function
Program Storage/Retrieval
Storing User Programs
Retrieving User Programs
Running Very Long Programs
Deleting Stored Programs
Using Public Library Programs
Data File Storage/Retrieval
Creating Data Files
Reading Data Files
Listing Data Files
Erasing Data Files
Using Public Data Files
Error Messages
Program Editing
Operating Instructions
Loading EduSystem 25
Initialize the DECtape Unit
Initialize Computer Memory
Answer System Dialog
Establish Terminal Extensions
Create Data File Tape
Maintaining the Public Library
Protecting DECtape Files
Storing Programs on Paper Tape
Reloading Programs from Paper Tape
System Reconfiguration
System Shutdown
System Restart
Chapter 7
EduSystem 30
Introduction
System Components
System Expansion
BASIC Language Capabilities
Using Random Numbers
Running Long Programs
Using a Data File
Character Variables and String Capability
Using the Interactive Terminal
Entering a Program
Using Multiple Statements per Line
Listing the Program
Executing the Program
Loading a Card Program for Interactive Use
Storing Programs on Paper Tape
Reloading Programs from Paper Tape
Privileged Control Commands
Using the System Storage Capability
SAVE and UNSAVE Commands
CATALOG Command
LENGTH Command
OLD Command
Returning to Batch Mode
Program Editing
Writing and Running Card Programs
Writing a Program on Cards
Line Numbers
BASIC Statements
Statement Operand
Summary of Card Marking Procedure
Submitting a Program to be Run
The NEW Card
The LIST Card
The RUN Card
Summary
Getting the Results of a Computer Run
Using a Stored Program
Interacting with the Operator
Editing and Rerunning a Program
Inserting Messages in the Program Printout
Sample Program
Problem
Procedures
Printed Results
Executing Card Programs
Normal Batch Operation
Executing Card Programs Individually
Controlling a Batch Run
BATCH Command
MAX Command
HEADER Command
STACK Command
LOG Command
Hands-On Interaction Versus Batch
Error Messages
Batch Mode Program Loading Errors
Interactive Mode Program Loading Errors
Coding Errors
Program Logic Errors
Operating Instructions
Loading EduSystem 30
Initialize the DECdisk
Initialize the DECtape Unit
Initialize Computer Memory
System Building Dialog
Diagnostic Messages During System Build
Turning Off the System
Turning On the System
Restarting EduSystem 30
DF32 or RF08 Disk
TC01 DECtape
TD8E DECtape
Using Optional Hardware
LP08 Line Printer
High-Speed Paper Tape Reader/Punch
Punched Card Input
Calculating Available Storage
Chapter 8
EduSystem 40
Introduction
System Components
System Expansion
BASIC Language Capabilities
Advantages and Applications
EduSystem 20
EduSystem 30
Language Summaries
BASIC Statements and Commands
Batch Control Cards
BASIC Functions and Arithmetic Operations
Error Message Summaries
EduSystem 20
EduSystem 30
Batch Mode Program Loading Errors
Interactive Mode Program Loading Errors
Coding Errors
Program Logic Errors
Loading and Operating Instructions
Initializing the DECdisk
Building EduSystem 40 on Disk
Starting EduSystem 40
Chapter 9
EduSystem 50
Introduction
User Programs
User Files
System Configuration
System Expansion
EduSystem 50 Monitor
Calling the Monitor
Logging into EduSystem 50
Logging out of EduSystem 50
System Library Program Control
Communication with Other Users
System Status Reports
Resource Sharing
Error Messages
System Library Programs
General File Characteristics
Controlling the Execution of System Library Programs
Returning to the Monitor
BASIC
Truncation Function, FIX(X)
ON GOTO Statement
SLEEP Statement
Comments
Blank Lines
Multiple Statements per Line
Editing BASIC Statements
Saving Compiled Programs
File Protection
Project-Programmer Numbers
Restricted Accounts
Catalog Format
Strings in BASIC
Reading String Data
Printing Strings
Inputting Strings
Line Input
Working with Strings
The CHANGE Statement
The CHR$ Function
Program Chaining
Disk Data Files
File Records
Opening a Disk File
Reading/Writing Disk Files
Closing/Deleting Disk Files
DECtape Data Files
DECtape File Records
Opening a DECtape File
Reading/Writing DECtape Files
Closing DECtape Files
Using DECtape Data Files with OS/8 FORTRAN
Line Printer Output
Paper Tape Output
Internal Data Codes
Numeric Data
String Data
Error Messages
FOCAL
Using FOCAL Commands
FOCAL Overview
Numbers
Variable Names
Arithmetic Operations
Priority of Arithmetic Operations
Enclosures
Input/Output Commands
TYPE Command
ASK Command
Text Output with ASK
Computational Command
SET Command
Control Commands
GO or GOTO Command
IF Command
IF with Less Than Three Line Numbers
Arithmetic Comparison with IF Command
DO Command
Nested DO
RETURN Command
QUIT Command
FOR Command
FOR with a DO
Nested FOR and DO
Subscripted Variables
COMMENT or CONTINUE Command
Edit Commands
WRITE or WRITE ALL Command
ERASE and ERASE ALL Commands
MODIFY Commands
Library Comands
LIBRARY SAVE
LIBRARY CALL
LIBRARY DELETE
LIBRARY LIST
Error Messages with Library Commands
Estimating Program Length
Debugging
Using the Error Diagnostics
Using the Trace Feature
FOCAL Functions
Sine Function (FSIN)
Cosine Function (FCOS)
Exponential Function (FEXP)
Logarithm Function (FLOG)
Arctangent Function (FATN)
Square Root Function (FSQT)
Absolute Value Function (FABS)
Sign Part Function (FSGN)
Integer Part Function (FITR)
Random Number Function (FRAN)
FOCAL Output Operations
Control Characters
Reading FOCAL Paper Tapes
FORTRAN-D
Calling FORTRAN-D
Using FORTRAN-D
Line Format
Statement Numbers
Statement Continuation Character
FORTRAN Statements
Comment Statements
Character Set
Constants
Integer Constants
Real Constants
Fixed and Floating-Point Representation
Variables
Integer Variables
Real Variables
Scalar Variables
Array Variables
DIMENSION Statement
FORTRAN Arithmetic
Arithmetic Operators
Use of Parentheses
Arithmetic Expressions
Arithmetic Statements
Multiple Replacement
Mode Conversion
Functions
Program Control
END Statement
STOP Statement
PAUSE Statement
GO TO Statement
Example of Integer Summation
IF Statement
DO Loops
CONTINUE Statement
Computed GO TO
FORTRAN Input/Output
Data Formats
ASCII Coded Data
Binary Coded Data
Input/Output Statements
ACCEPT and TYPE Statements
READ and WRITE Statements
Variable Specification in I/O Statements
FORMAT Statement
The A Format Specification
Input Formats
Integer Values -- the I Format
Real Values -- the E Format
Output Formats
E and I Formats
Format Control Specifications
Hollerith Output
Implementation Notes
Double Subscripts
Substatement Feature
Error Checking
FORTRAN-D Source Program Restrictions
FORTRAN-D Compiler and Operating System Core Map
FORTRAN-D Error Diagnostics
Compiler Compilation Diagnostics
Compiler Systems Diagnostics
Operating System Diagnostics
PAL-D Assembler
Introduction
EduSystem 50 PAL-D
Example of a PAL-D Program
Utility Program
Symbolic Editor
Loader
Octal Debugging Technique
Catalog (CAT)
System Status (SYSTAT)
Programs for Paper Tape and DECtape Control
PIP (Peripheral Interchange Program)
PIP Conventions
Paper Tape to Disk Transfers
Disk to Paper Tape Transfers
High-Speed Reader/Punch Assignments
BIN Format File Transfers
Moving Disk Files
Deleting Disk Files
BASIC File Transfers
SAVE Format File Transfers
COPY Program
Using and Calling COPY
Loading Files from DECtape
Saving Disk Files on DECtape
Listing Directories
Deleting Files
Deleting all Existing Files on a Device
Example of COPY Usage
Advanced Monitor Commands
Introduction
Control of User Programs
Defining Disk Files
Creating a Disk Files
Opening and Closing a File
Extending, Reducing, and Renaming a Disk File
Protection Codes
Error Conditions
Saving and Restoring User Programs
Utility Commands
Writing Assembly Language Programs
Introduction
Console I/O
Files and Disk I/O
Assignable Devices
Program Control
Program and System Status
PDP-8 Compatibility
Storage Allocation
Storage Map
File Directories
Project-Programmer Numbers
Appendix A
Read-In Mode Loader
Appendix B
Character Codes
Appendix C
EduSystem 50 Monitor Command Summary
Appendix D
EduTest