FOCAL Programming Manual for PDP-8, PDP-8/S, PDP-8/I, LAB-8, LINC-8

Company:	Digital Equipment Corporation
Part:	DEC-08-AJAB-D
Date:	1968
Keywords:	PDP-8

Copies

Address:	http://wwcm.synology.me/pdf/DEC-08-AJAB-D PDP-8-I FOCAL Programming Manual.pdf
Site:	Wilber Williams' Computer Museum
Format:	PDF
Size:	3728041 bytes (3.6 MiB)

Address:	http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp8/focal/DEC-08-AJAB-D_FOCAL_Programming_Manual_1968.pdf
Site:	Al Kossow's Bitsavers
Format:	PDF
Size:	1908908 bytes (1.8 MiB)

Chapter 1 An Introduction to FOCAL
- 1.1 Equipment Requirements
- 1.2 Loading Procedure
- 1.3 Restart Procedure
- 1.4 Saving Focal Programs
Chapter 2 FOCAL Language
- 2.1 Simple Commands
- 2.2 Output Format
- 2.3 Floating-Point Format
- 2.4 Arithmetic Operations
- 2.5 More About Symbols
- 2.6 Subscripted Variables
- 2.7 The ERASE Command
- 2.8 Handling Text Output
- 2.9 Indirect Commands
- 2.10 Error Detection
- 2.11 Corrections
Chapter 3 FOCAL Commands
- 3.1 TYPE
- 3.2 ASK
- 3.3 WRITE
- 3.4 SET
- 3.5 ERASE
- 3.6 GO
- 3.7 GOTO
- 3.8 DO
- 3.9 IF
- 3.10 RETURN
- 3.11 QUIT
- 3.12 COMMENT
- 3.13 FOR
- 3.14 MODIFY
  - 3.14.1 Caution
- 3.15 Using the Trace Feature
- 3.16 Functions
Chapter 4 Examples of FOCAL Programs
- 4.1 Table Generation Using Library Functions
- 4.2 Formula Evaluation for Circles and Splines
- 4.3 Temperature Conversion
- 4.4 One-Line Function Plotting
- 4.5 Extensions to Plotting
- 4.6 Demonstration Dice Game
- 4.7 Simultaneous Equations and Matrices
Appendix A FOCAL Command Summary
Appendix B Error Diagnostics
Appendix C Estimating the Length of User's Program
Appendix D Calculating Trigonometric Functions in FOCAL
Appendix E Operating Hints
Appendix F Loaders